Saat belajar bahasa Inggris, jangan lupa untuk mempelajari passive voice atau kalimat pasif.
Penggunaannya sering ditemukan dalam percakapan sehari-hari, tulisan fiksi dan non-fiksi.
Banyak yang menganggap passive voice lebih rumit dari active voice (kalimat aktif), namun dengan memahaminya secara mendalam akan mendukung kemampuan berbahasa Inggris menjadi lebih baik.
Apa Itu Passive Voice?
Passive voice adalah suatu bentuk kalimat (grammatical construction) di mana subjek kalimat tidak melakukan suatu tindakan, melainkan menerima tindakan dari verb (kata kerja).
Fokus kalimatnya adalah bukan pada pelaku aksinya tapi pada objek yang dikenai aksi tersebut.
Contohnya:
- Active voice: The teacher explains the lesson. (Guru menjelaskan pelajaran.)
- Passive voice: The lesson is explained by the teacher. (Pelajaran dijelaskan oleh guru.)
Jadi, passive voice biasanya digunakan ketika pelaku tidak penting, tidak diketahui, atau lebih ingin menekankan hasil/tindakan daripada pelakunya.
Dalam bahasa Indonesia, passive voice biasanya ditandai dengan kata kerja berawalan di- atau ter- seperti dibaca, ditulis, terlihat, terbawa.
Fungsi Passive Voice
Penggunaan passive voice memiliki beberapa fungsi penting, antara lain:
1. Ketika Pelaku Tidak Diketahui atau Tidak Penting:
- My car was stolen. (Mobil saya dicuri.): Kita tidak tahu siapa pencurinya, jadi pelaku tidak disebutkan.
- The road is being repaired. (Jalan sedang diperbaiki.): Siapa yang memperbaiki tidak relevan.
Baca Juga: Past Continuous Tense: 10 Penggunaan, Rumus & Contoh Kalimat
2. Untuk Menekankan Objek atau Aksi:
- The new hospital will be built next year. (Rumah sakit baru akan dibangun tahun depan.): Fokus utamanya adalah pembangunan rumah sakit, bukan siapa yang membangunnya.
- Thousands of trees were planted along the river. (Ribuan pohon ditanam di sepanjang sungai.): Penekanannya ada pada aksi penanaman dan hasilnya bagi lingkungan.
3. Dalam Penulisan Ilmiah atau Formal:
- The experiment was conducted under controlled conditions. (Eksperimen dilakukan di bawah kondisi terkendali.): Gaya bahasa ini sering digunakan untuk menjaga objektivitas dan fokus pada proses atau hasil, bukan pada peneliti.
- The data were analyzed using advanced software. (Data dianalisis menggunakan perangkat lunak canggih.): Kalimat pasif membuat tulisan terdengar lebih formal dan akademis.
4. Untuk Menghindari Penyebutan Pelaku Secara Langsung:
- Mistakes were made. (Kesalahan telah dibuat.): Kalimat ini lebih diplomatis daripada You made a mistake.
- The report was submitted late. (Laporan dikumpulkan terlambat.): Fokusnya pada kejadian keterlambatan, bukan pada siapa yang terlambat mengumpulkan.
5. Dalam Berita dan Laporan
- Three people were injured in the accident. (Tiga orang terluka dalam kecelakaan itu.)
- The policy has been announced by the government. (Kebijakan itu telah diumumkan oleh pemerintah.)
Baca Juga: Appositive: Penggunaan, Jenis, dan Contoh Kalimat Lengkap
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Rumus Dasar Passive Voice
Rumus dasar passive voice adalah:
Subject + To Be (am/is/are/was/were/will be/dll.) + Verb 3 (Past Participle)
Kunci utamanya: to be selalu mengikuti tenses dari kalimat aktif, dan verb selalu dalam bentuk V3 (past participle).
Rumus Passive Voice 16 Tenses Lengkap
Untuk mengubah kalimat aktif menjadi pasif, kita perlu memahami rumus passive voice yang bergantung pada tenses (bentuk waktu) yang digunakan.
1. Present Tenses
| Tense | Rumus Active | Rumus Passive | Contoh Passive |
|---|---|---|---|
| Simple Present | S + V1 | S + is/am/are + V3 | English is spoken here. |
| Present Continuous | S + is/am/are + V-ing | S + is/am/are + being + V3 | The report is being written now. |
| Present Perfect | S + have/has + V3 | S + have/has + been + V3 | The letter has been sent. |
| Present Perfect Continuous | S + have/has + been + V-ing | S + have/has + been + being + V3 | The bridge has been being repaired. (jarang digunakan) |
2. Past Tenses
| Tense | Rumus Active | Rumus Passive | Contoh Passive |
|---|---|---|---|
| Simple Past | S + V2 | S + was/were + V3 | The window was broken. |
| Past Continuous | S + was/were + V-ing | S + was/were + being + V3 | The car was being fixed. |
| Past Perfect | S + had + V3 | S + had + been + V3 | The work had been finished. |
| Past Perfect Continuous | S + had + been + V-ing | S + had + been + being + V3 | The song had been being played. (jarang digunakan) |
3. Future Tenses
| Tense | Rumus Active | Rumus Passive | Contoh Passive |
|---|---|---|---|
| Simple Future | S + will + V1 | S + will + be + V3 | The house will be built. |
| Future Continuous | S + will + be + V-ing | S + will + be + being + V3 | The task will be being done. (jarang digunakan) |
| Future Perfect | S + will + have + V3 | S + will + have + been + V3 | The project will have been completed. |
| Future Perfect Continuous | S + will + have + been + V-ing | S + will + have + been + being + V3 | (jarang digunakan) |
4. Past Future Tenses
| Tense | Rumus Active | Rumus Passive |
|---|---|---|
| Simple Past Future | S + would + V1 | S + would + be + V3 |
| Past Future Continuous | S + would + be + V-ing | S + would + be + being + V3 |
| Past Future Perfect | S + would + have + V3 | S + would + have + been + V3 |
| Past Future Perfect Continuous | S + would + have + been + V-ing | S + would + have + been + being + V3 |
5. Modals & Bentuk Khusus
| Bentuk | Rumus Passive | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| Modals (present) | S + modal (can/may/must/should) + be + V3 | This must be done today. |
| Modals (past) | S + modal past (could/might/had to) + be + V3 | It could be fixed yesterday. |
| Going to | S + is/am/are + going to + be + V3 | The exam is going to be held tomorrow. |
| Infinitive | S + has to/have to + be + V3 | The form has to be filled in. |
Contoh Kalimat Passive Voice
Dengan menggunakan rumus tenses + to be + V3, kita bisa membentuk kalimat passive voice menjadi tiga bentuk, affirmative, negative, dan interrogative.
Contoh passive voice adalah sebagai berikut:
|
Tenses |
Active | Passive |
Interrogative |
| Simple Present | They make a cake. | A cake is made by them. | Is a cake made by them? |
| Present Continuous | She is writing a letter. | A letter is being written by her. | Is a letter being written by her? |
| Simple Past | He cleaned the room yesterday. | The room was cleaned yesterday. | Was the room cleaned yesterday? |
| Past Continuous | The mechanic was repairing the car. | The car was being repaired by the mechanic. | Was the car being repaired by the mechanic? |
| Present Perfect | They have finished the assignment. | The assignment has been finished. | Has the assignment been finished? |
| Past Perfect | She had prepared the dinner. | The dinner had been prepared by her. | Had the dinner been prepared by her? |
| Simple Future | He will paint the wall tomorrow. | The wall will be painted tomorrow. | Will the wall be painted tomorrow? |
| Future Perfect | They will have completed the task. | The task will have been completed by them. | Will the task have been completed by them? |
Latihan Soal Passive Voice
Ayo uji pemahamanmu! Ubah kalimat aktif berikut menjadi kalimat pasif.
- The students clean the classroom every day. (Simple Present)
- My mother cooked the dinner last night. (Simple Past)
- The manager is signing the documents now. (Present Continuous)
- They will announce the winner tomorrow. (Simple Future)
- The mechanic had repaired the car before noon. (Past Perfect)
Jawaban:
- The classroom is cleaned by the students every day.
- The dinner was cooked by my mother last night.
- The documents are being signed by the manager now.
- The winner will be announced tomorrow.
- The car had been repaired by the mechanic before noon.
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Nah, itulah penjelasan lengkap tentang passive voice dari pengertian, rumus 16 tenses, contoh kalimat, sampai latihan soal!
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